Ashley Bracero september Essay

America a land of hope and prosperity, one might even go as far as saying ,†The land of Dreams†. People from all over the world migrate to our great country for the luxurious rights we offer to all our people. Some of those rights including freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom of press, and The right to privacy. But what if we told everyone one who entered the united states that there was a catch ? That at any moment if the goverment felt threatened enough, they could twist those rights to there benefit ? Do you think people would still view America as a getaway or more like a false advertisement ? Now we will try and dicuss one topic that has been raising a huge controversy in America today, security vs privacy. Ever since it has been revealed that the goverment has been hacking into american citizens private information for ,†Security Meaures,† America has been going into a spiral of doubt. Both parties are making compelling arguments regarding their reasoning and perspective on the matter of security vs privacy. The huge question being raised,†Is security actually more Important than privacy ? The goverment may tell you yes; that the precautions they are taking are only minor set backs necesary for the continuation of a strong society. In my opinion this is just yet another fib told to keep the goverment in control of what has been spiraling in the other direction since 9/11. Fear of Terrorism has fueled many changes in The United States , some proving better than others. For example, The TSA has been given massive amounts of power to protect America and has been rediculed for being unconstitutional, too expensive, and ineffective, yet it remains. Little by little it seems that the goverments fear of terrorism is beginning to drive them to any measures. Threatening the privacy of their own citizens to protect national security. The worst part is some of these under cover plans are so top secret it often takes leaks to get the truth on how much of our privacy is actually being threatened. Realistically you can not have a hunderd percent of privacy along with a hunderd percent of security, so, as an American citizen i chose privacy. I believe security should come as a choice, not to say it does not withold a huge place in society, because realistically without security the world would rapidally fall into choas. Privacy is a natural right more of an obligation that should always be presented to us no matter what the circumstance. America’s power has always laid in our rights and freedoms. It is America’s individualism and personal freedom that our enemies often hate the most. So, I believe if we change our great society to make us less free we are rolling around in their hands as pawns . I do not believe that we should neglect our liberties for one victory, for the chance that it might deminish the reputation that makes our society great. Forcing important networks like facebook, yahoo, and many more to relinquish private information is a huge disrespect to all citizens. Every citizen has the right to privacy, even the idea of privacy originated from the fourth amendment. Ironically, though the goverment seems to dismiss that fact for reasonings they seem only intitled to debate on. For a country that has comforted citizens on the idea that we are a democracy, the goverment begins to show the public holes in their stories and true intentions. Slowly the public is being to sway a different direction since it was revealed the goverment was hacking into americans private information. In 2010 a Pew research survey was held and showed that 32 percent of people believed that the goverments anti-terrorism policies have gone to far in restricting the average persons civil liberities. That means 66 percent of people found it vaild and implaced for a reasonable cause. In 2011 the same survey was conducted by the same organization and found that 53 percent now found that it has gone too far, thats more than half the people surveyed in 2010 . So, with that piece of information we see that people arent just doubting the goverment, they are begining to re-evaulate their own way of thinking. I believe if the goverment continues to deny us our full privleged right to privacy, we will crumble as a nation and they will being to lose not only our trust but our respect. No matter how much our society improves and develops there will always be a threat. So, if they begin to strip away our rights now , how long will it take before we lose more ? Don’t just take my word for it , here are some people who co-exist with my idea that privacy holds more substance and reasoning than security. Jessica from Debate.org says, † Now the reason for why i feel privacy is more important, is as simple as, If i owned a home of 5 acres and bought that land. A home because i wanted to feel secluded. This allows for me to walk around my home naked if i would like without a curtain down, or go swimming in my pool naked. If i knew i was being watched 24/7 like many famous people it would make me go insane, and i would not be able to deal with it.† Also, fliex jimenez, 17 says,† Security is always going to be there no matter how much we have of it, but, once you take away someones privacy you cant get it back. Its kind of like respect when you cross that line you just cant re-write that wrong.† In conclusion, privacy is a valuable thing to many citizens. lately the right we use to have is being to stripped away from us layer by layer. Many people are debating wether security holds more value than privacy but when it comes to statistcs it seems that is not the case. Like Benjamin Franklin said,† They that can give up essential liberty to purchase a little temporary safety, deserves neither liberty or safety.† So as a country we continue to try and fight this idea of selling moral rights for temporary safety promised by the goverment. So, like Benjamin Franklin said we must remember to hold on to important things such as our privacy and not sell it for something that has unpredicatable outcomes and strive for a greater stronger country were all people are respected.

The contemporary versus the historic

Interventions, the modern-day versus the historic, timeless or tendency, sympathetic or indurate? An probe into the relationship between historic architecture and modern-day intercessions, An penetration into ‘Britishness ‘ and the contention of changing historical edifices. There are presently a batch of high profile physiques which involve an old edifice deriving a new add-on, an illustration being the programs for the Tate Modern art gallery extension, ( FIG ) which has been really controversial and created a split in sentiments, but why? Is it due to the proposed construction being such a contrast to the bing ex-industrial pallet of brick and masonry or is it due to people non wishing the aesthetic of the new design, or is it something different all together. Why are these type of undertakings so controversial? What is it about the deliberate contrast of manners that separates diehards from modernist minds so strongly? Are these old edifices being utilized better with their new add-ons or is it merely a craze, which like Modernism will intend the edifices may be seen as useless or uneffective constructions that will be demolished and replaced in a affair of decennaries. Understanding this theory better involves looking at why these edifices have had Contemporary add-ons added to the bing construction, whether they have been rheniums purposed, saved from destruction, been given a new rental of life, or have merely been enlarged. Looking at specific illustrations will find whether or non the add-ons have been successful or unsuccessful and whether the alteration has genuinely been in the edifices best involvements or is merely portion of a tendency which is merely an architectural ‘gimmick ‘ , which may or may non stand the trial of clip. The junction between historic and Contemporary stuffs is besides an of import factor of this meeting of manners, for illustration the designer behind the Public Library in Landau, Germany, Lamott Architekten commented that â€Å" the point of which the former outer wall has been perforated are rendered as lesions. â€Å" , Does the daintiness of the concurrence between stuffs consequence negative call in relation to the historic edifice, does the new design have regard for the bing construction, whether or non there is any major supplanting of any historic rock work, or any original characteristics which are covered up or overshadowed by the new development. Are these add-ons portion of the changeless extension of edifices that has occurred for 100s of old ages, or is at that place something about modern-day architecture that makes it different to manners of the yesteryear. Is it what some people see as the edifice organically altering and turning, or is this motion a reaction to t he recent environmental stance to architectural design, and merely a manner to recycle old edifice instead than pulverizing them, and changing them to be more energy efficient. Is there demand for a more restrictive or a more accepting attack to be aftering for these sort of undertakings, or do the limitations mean that merely the best designs are put frontward, and if ordinances were non in topographic point would many historic edifices would be ruined by severely designed or ill planned intercessions or is at that place merely excessively much bureaucratism and junior-grade ordinances maintaining advancement to the bare lower limit and standing in the manner of landmark undertakings. Would it be better for a edifice to be transformed into a modern-day useable edifice, when the option is for it be left to degrade and to be forgotten. In concern with Britain in peculiar is the corporate reservedness keeping modern-day architecture and advancement in the designed environment back? Will this phenomena ruin our historical edifices stock and confound our state ‘s heritage, or is there a more positive impact on society that can be sought from good designed modern-day architecture. The usage of the word ‘statement ‘ plays a large portion of this argument, is this motion entirely about making a statement piece of modern-day design merely to do an impact, or will it turn out to hold more deepness, and go something more lasting in the architectural universe. Is the fact that undertakings such as the Reichtag and the Ontario museum even exist suggest that despite the contention that there is an overall bit by bit altering sentiment as to how historic edifices are modified. The contrast between a landmark and an iconic edifice, is great, can they of all time be combined to make something timeless.Chapter 1: How did the thought of saving in architecture come into being. How has the motion of adding to bing evolved over clip.In the argument of which method is better transition Restoration or extension. The more ‘sensible ‘ option of Restoration, ( to utilize historically accurate edifice methods and stuffs to make a mimic of the bing ) , can be seen as more sympathetic to the edifice. In a transition of a mediaeval public library in Spain ( FiG ) it was commented that â€Å" Through simple fix steps, carefully fitted to fit the edifice, and merely a few new add-ons, the ambiance and luster of the original edifice substance pervades † ( Cramer and Breitling 2007, p.33 ) To understand the idealism behind the saving of old edifices, in peculiar in the United Kingdom, It must foremost be understood how and why the thought of edifices being protected came to go through. Phil Venning from the Society for the protection of ancient edifices explained that the beginning of historical edifice saving â€Å" †¦ stems from what the Victorians were making Between 1840 to 1870 there was a immense procedure of reconstructing churches and cathedrals. Half or all mediaeval churches were restored and the job was the nature of that Restoration. Take St Alburns ‘ church, non one individual rock from the original edifice was reused. It was a complete Victorian makeover, a complete innovation that bore no relation to anything historical that existed before, so 100s of old ages of echt history were wiped off for the interest of something fantastical and wholly unneeded. â€Å" ( Venning 09 ) Historical edifices frequently have a long and complicated yesteryea r, many things that happened within the edifice are unknown, this enigma and inquire create a kind of fondness for the historic, architectural or otherwise. There is a contradiction in experiencing about historic things, â€Å" Most peoples sentiment of old artifacts is contradictory. For many the old frequently represents stagnancy and decay. On the other manus, the old is besides treated with a certain regard, recognizing the fact that the ageing procedure involves endurance in the face of troubles. The really fact that something has been conserved can excite admiration and contemplation. Possibly it is the acquaintance of old things that one values, and the experiences which have contributed to their endurance over clip. The hints of ageing can be perceived as a signifier of cultural individuality. â€Å" ( Cramer, Breiltlig, 2007 ) Looking back on peculiar illustrations of edifices that were added to or restored in the past clearly shows why certain protection was needed to continue historic edifices. Longleat house in Wiltshire is a really utmost illustration of how Victorian manner add-ons could be unsympathetic to the original construction. Within Longleat ‘s inside are legion concealed nothingnesss, where new add-ons and interior layout alterations are fitted within the bing construction frequently go forthing immense nothingnesss which can merely be accessed through bantam service doors and are wholly blocked off. One of the biggest nothingnesss in the edifice contains a beautiful clock face. It is still maintained, and is in perfect working order, but really few people of all time see it, as in order to see the clock face an angled mirror and a torch are needed. This type of loss of history lead to the creative activity of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings in 1877. One of the chief concerns of those opposed to this motion is the saving of historical civilization, non being a precedence and how through these extremist modern add-ons it is being lost in order to make more of an cosmopolitan manner, with less accent on a specific civilization as, due to engineering and its consequence on communicating it is more international instead than national. Architects can now work with edifices 1000s of stat mis off, and may hold ne'er personally visited the site in inquiry, this fact entirely, along with many other factors, including globalization means that it is inevitable that some signifier of cosmopolitan manner is to develop. However, on the contrary to this it is seen that each edifice is developed based on its site, its context, including its yesteryear and historical value and its usage, intending that no two edifices could of all time be developed in the exact same manner. ( quotation mark ) This means that using a cosmopolitan manner can ne'er be a generic scenario as it was during the Modernist period. Historically new manners were developed through travel and geographic expedition. The expansive circuit for illustration that took topographic point during the nineteenth century involved English Lords and designers researching Europe, in order to be inspired by bing architecture and convey them back to Britain, therefore the birth of the Renaissance manner. The expansive tourers were really destructive in their geographic expedition, many splintering of inside informations from the edifices to maintain as souvenir and carving their names in the walls of ancient temples. Renaissance architecture was formed through the misinterpretations and reinterpretations of Greek and Roman architecture. An illustration of this being that many expansive places in Britain were inspired by Greek and Roman temples. Temples were built for certain Gods to seek shelter, so the inside was ne'er meant to be seen by the mean townsfolk. Making places based on the design changes the construct behind the orig inal signifier wholly. This is one of many illustrations of how the British reinterpreted another civilizations manner of architecture to make a new manner that is seen as quintessentially British. The thought of adding to bing in a current manner has been happening for centuries. Many cherished edifices have been added to in different periods, for illustration Chillham Castle in Canterbury in which â€Å" Major changes were made in the late eighteenth century by Thomas Heron and his Wildman replacements, in the 1860s by Charles Hardy and eventually in the 1920s by Sir Edmund Davis. â€Å" ( Peters 08 ) . This was before William Morris introduced Torahs to protect old edifices, and at that place was evidently non the same feeling of costliness that is felt with concern of old edifices as there is today. Chillham palace is an first-class illustration of how the whole edifice was changed depending on the manner that was in manner, â€Å" In 1775-76, Heron refitted the Jacobean house about throughout in Georgian manner. â€Å" ( Peters 08 ) This was non needfully ever the best for the edifice, nevertheless, â€Å" In what has been termed â€Å" an evil reconsideration † Brandon put a replacing oriel window over the front door, approximately resembling the original but utilizing his ain â€Å" heavy † design. † ( Peters 08 ) . In the 1920 ‘s Chillham palace was restored to its old Jacobean province every bit much as possible, which while possibly profiting the edifice in its layout and overall coherency, had erased 100s of old ages of history. â€Å" Therefore the fenestration alterations of the 18th and 19th centuries have been mostly swept off, and the external lifts must look today well as they were originally in 1616 † ( Peters 08 ) This is a different attack to current redevelopment methods, in that in modern-day add-ons seek to heighten the historic, instead than replace the historic in order to accomplish the semblance of a historic edifice. During the 60s the motion of changing the historic, became more familiar to what modern-day add-ons try to make today. Architects such as by Carlo Scarpa, Pierre Chareau and Ignazio Gardella, bridged the spread with advanced solution to recycle of old edifices, which is looked at further in Chapter 4. ( demand to bridge spread between these paragraphs ) These thoughts could be used with modern-day intercessions where by alternatively of experiencing frightened or intimidated by alteration of cherished historic constructing stock the British should encompass this new tendency, because if we do non so we will non develop a modern-day British manner, and that is what frightens us most.Chapter 2: How does the corporate British mind affect undertakings seeking to contrast old and new? Does the planning system have to alter to maintain the UK at the head of current design?As discussed in chapter 1, the debut of limitations in changing old edifices has changed the manner in which they are preserved, and how architectural manner affects the old history. Planing Torahs can be restrictive in the redevelopment procedure. Many historical edifices are listed which mean that certain standards refering structural alterations and stuff usage have to be obeyed. It is hard to find whether or non these limitations are non altering plenty to maintain u p with current demands of modern life such as unfastened program infinites and environmental efficiency. It is interesting how the sentiment about execution of modern-day add-ons between be aftering governments differ. In Alain De Botton ‘s book â€Å" The architecture of felicity † and his attach toing telecasting programme â€Å" The perfect place † non merely does he give illustrations of undertakings that strived to make a add-on, and fought a conflict with be aftering Torahs over the thought of modern-day being more appropriate that mock or medley, but he besides looks into why medley may be the preferable pick, non merely by the contrivers but of Britain ‘s general populace. Public sentiment plays a large portion in a edifices success. Does the populace ‘s sentiment genuinely reflects the virtues of the edifice and the design, or is the public position still tainted with a deficiency of misgiving of Contemporary manner design after the weaknesss of the Modernist motion. Is it still the safe but medley option that the general populace favor? Is the thought of adjustment in still deep set into the heads of people as being the more acceptable and hence the best option? In order to understand this ideal we must look to the modern lodging stock. Pastiche has been able to run public violence with the UK ‘s lodging. Mock Tudor and Elizabethan houses are everyplace, many are built by developers without even a audience with an designer. These edifices are familiar, they are safe, they are seen to affect less hazard. In this state in peculiar the conservative mentality appears to be keeping back the coeval in architecture but non in engineering or communicating or comfortss, what does this state about how we feel about the infinites we occupy. Alain De Botton refers to Vilhelm Worringer a twentieth Century philosopher that argued that people fell in love with specific types or manners of architecture because it contained or symbolised something that that individual, or that individuals society was missing, therefore Alain De Botton links this to the theory that pastiche forge Tudor and Georgian new physique places are favoured as a analogue to the ugly landscapes of mills and industrial units that a technologically advanced society produces. This could be seen as an implicit in ground for the extract of Historical and Contemporary architecture being so controversial, it evokes confusion with feeling of desiring to withdraw to the past off from engineering and promotion. The thought of the modern conveying the Historical into the new millenary may scare people into a disfavor for these undertakings. One paticular illustration Alain De Botton choice out is one that challenges this theory and suggests that persons are now get downing to gain the positive facets of Contemporary architecture and how it can be more sympathetic to the echt historic than ‘make believe medley ‘ . Wakelins is a Tudor sign of the zodiac that was refurbished and extended by James Gorst architects as a private place for James Gorst himself. The dramatic modern-day extension can be seen to hold more in common to the original construction as it is besides timber framed, where as a medley mock Tudor extension would be a masonry construction. James Gorst commented that manners can co-exist without struggle and that you can be â€Å" respectful of the past but in your ain epoch † ( Gorst 08 ) Another illustration Botton uses is a little elusive modern-day extension to a Georgian terraced house in East London ( FIG ) . This extension was specifically designed by Henning Stummel designers to house lavatory installations on each floor of the house. The logical thinking for this is to make a more accurate Edwardian layo ut. As the Edwardians did non hold bathrooms one was created at a ulterior day of the month on the top floor doing break to the flow of the house. The new extension allowed the flow of the house to be restored to the original. These two illustration defends the theory that â€Å" A true court seldom looks like one † ( Botton 08 ) that something can be historically sensitive with out aesthetically fiting anything from the yesteryear. This extension could be seen as good to the house by some, and beautiful with its lumber paneling and block like Windowss, but it involved a long and backbreaking conflict with the local planning commission, which in its entireness took two old ages, as the council favoured a mock Edwardian extension. This is contrasting grounds to sentiments of the likes of Peter Vennning from the society for the protection of ancient edifices who â€Å" †¦ would ever instead something that is advanced and good designed that merely copying what was there al ready † ( Venning 09 ) This changeless battle with sentiments of the council and planning with persons creates a barrier between the success and the via media of modern-day add-ons to Historic edifices. This could propose that there is a job in this state about accepting modern-day architecture, nevertheless there is the issue that it is merely in the residential sector that this is evident. In the United Kingdom there are some award winning modern-day edifices, and they are common topographic point for undertakings such as theaters, libraries and universities. Peoples evidently appreciate their public and commercial edifices to be modern-day, and in usage built undertakings the edifice layout to outdo reflect its intent. This theory is so reversed when we look at the modern British place, which merely seeks to retroflex the old. There is a British trait to be really proud of our places, but it is questionable why this has manifested itself in such a manner in this state and otherwise in most other states. It is a position that British people take pride in their place, in peculiar with facets such as DIY or make it yourself being seen as quintessentially British â€Å" DIY is something of a national interest on Bank Holidays in the UK † ( unknown, 09 ) This nevertheless is an facet in itself that leads the populace to believe that places are a personal thing. This, in the yesteryear has lead to dissensions between designers and place proprietors, one illustration being Le Corbusier and the Villa Savoye, and the client being told non to set drapes up as it would botch the interior outside consequence created by the drape glass. This posed the job of making a via media between good design and an aesthetically delighting edifice, and taking into consideration client demands and the practical every twenty-four hours operation of the edifice. All this grounds suggests that the spread between the public sentiment and the designers sentiment demands to be bridged. The planning section can be seen as the people to bridge the spread, nevertheless they seen to subconsciously be reenforcing the misgiving the populace have with modern-day design with the favor of medley and mock, instead than defending the undertakings that if built could get down to alter the populace ‘s perceptual experience of modern-day architecture. This outlines the chief issue that if good designed modern-day undertakings are non built they will still be seen as the abnormal. It is already outlined that the British public find a sense of security in older manner edifices as they are good known, huge in figure and familiar. Therefore it seems that it is impossible to bridge this spread without upsetting t he British populace at some phase. The planning commission have the power to alter the populace ‘s perceptual experience nevertheless they are portion of the British public in themselves and their penchants for mock can be seen as a reserved or scared move on their behalf. Architects have an apprehension of how modern-day architecture plants, and how it can be good in a modern society. This could be seen to propose that there must be a signifier of doing the public aware of modern-day architecture and how it works, for this fright is based on a deficiency of apprehension, or merely declining to understand. The current argument on this issue is forward fronted by Prince Charles. In a really British mode he is opposing many designers work in defense mechanism of saving of historical edifices in the UK. Prince Charles, Royal, although with no official authorization for edifice ordinances, has become the interpreter for this argument. However his really traditional positions have been controversial even to those who support the cause. Philosophically the prince ‘s claim to be the defender of tradition does non bear examination. He late resigned as frequenter of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings ( SPAB ) because he does non understand or subscribe to its pronunciamento, as set down by its laminitis, William Morris. The cardinal SPAB rule is that no version or extension to an historic edifice should seek to copy the original, but be distinguishable and of its ain clip. To cite: â€Å" a lame and exanimate counterfeit is the concluding consequence of all the wasted labor † . That one of the prince ‘s advisors besides designs for Disneyland is diagnostic of a penchant for a sanitized version of the yesteryear, stripped of the reliable verve Morris sought to support. ( Macintosh 09 ) This difference in sentiment reflects the much wider argument of whether to accommodate edifices in a modern-day manner or every bit traditionally as possible. Prince Charles can be seen as a typically British illustration. Part of the Monarchy but with efficaciously with no authorization in affairs including architecture, he feels his sentiment more valid than that of William Morris and the full staff at the Society for the protection of Ancient Buildings But the prince is understood to hold peculiarly objected to the suggestion that reconstructing old houses in their original manner frequently consequences in a ‘pastiche ‘ – an uncomplimentary odds and ends of stuffs and signifiers taken from different beginnings -and took strivings to state as much. â€Å" ( English 09 ) With figure caputs such as these portraying their sentiment of the right pattern, as antediluvian mimicking, is it no admiration that the British populace, that which is still in esteem of its monarchy, something which is really unambiguously British, can the lesser known faces of this argument, such as the SPAB be considered within public consideration. However there are points raised by prince Charles that defend the thought that there is a difference in sentiment or a spread of understanding between designers and the general populace that must be addressed â€Å" A â€Å" gulf † is go oning to split designers from the remainder of society because of their compulsion with signifiers † ( Hurst 09 ) . However even Prince Charles admitted that the planning system needed reform, which means that there is cogent evidence that the planning system does non even benefit those hidebound thoughts refering architecture. There is recent contraversay about Prince Charle ‘s place within this architectural argument. The recent withdrawl of foreign support for a high terminal coeval development in London due to the Princes interfearence has angered many. It could be seen that Charles should be seeking to press foreign developers to put in lodging, to profit the state as a whole, particularly in a clip of economic crisis. Many others challenged the design of the edifice, chiefly those of a certain authorization and age scope â€Å" Palace functionaries are likely to reason that the prince was merely one voice against the Candys ‘ programs for Chelsea Barracks. Lord Stockton, grandson of Harold MacMillan, the former premier curate†¦ † ( Chittenden,09 ) The Prince besides stated his positions on his prefered alternate â€Å" He proposed a classical option that mirrored the 17th-century Royal Hospital, designed by Sir Christopher Wren, across the street. † ( Chittenden,09 ) Thi s remark is an illustration of how people are afraid of something new, and prefere the security of something that already exists, the medley. If the Prince becomes king in the hereafter so the argument will go progressively intense, which poses the possibility that more and more medley will happen its was to the edifices sites, instead than something more exciting and advanced. The thought of animating a like the Royal infirmary, means that the newer edifice will merely of all time be a lesser edifice than the original, due to the fact that miming something with modern-day techniques will ultimatly compromise the overall unity of the edifice, peculiarly when the original is every bit close as Prince Charles proposed. In esscence medley architecture is seting manner out of context, in regard of clip. Is it so non that different from constructions in subject Parkss and museums? This can be epitimised by the fact that as discussed prevoisuly one of prince Charle ‘s advisers besid es designs for Disneyland. This could be seen as Prince Charles prioritizing manner over substance, whcih is certainly non how successful edifices are designed. The thought of retroflexing an old edifice is ne'er making the original edifice justness, as it will ever be compromised by modern-day demands every bit good as modern-day edifice codifications and be aftering regulations.. This could, in utmost fortunes in the hereafter, lead to old edifices being demolished in favor of medley, as mock edifices are created in the relevant period and are hence more suited for current use.It could be said that to truly appreciate old edifices they muse have a contrast, in order to maintain the rarety and costliness of its design. Another facet of architecture that Prince Charles has been speaking about is sustainability. In a recent talk he was considered to come across as â€Å" †¦ an rational Luddite, whose lone solution is to withdraw into a Hobbit-like universe of organic crude edif ices and no autos. † ( Baillieu, 09 ) This is linked in Prince Charle ‘s address with the thought that he is wary or afraid of experimentation within the architectural genre. †¦ it ‘s his belief that the challenge of clime alteration can be solved without experimentation. This is where the address unravelled for in doing out â€Å" experimentation † to be a terrorizing spring in the dark instead than something good based on hypotheses and a organic structure of cognition ( Baillieu, 09 ) . It is easy to see how these two facets come together to organize this overall sentiment. This is once more associating back to the thought of being afraid of the unknown and the security of the familiar which is known to hold existed and survived for a period of clip. However it is clear that without experimentation it will be impossible to battle the clime altering effects of our current architectural stock without stepping into the unknown and experimenting to make new engineering and modern-day design. This supports the thought of traveling on from historical design and designing in a more intellegent manner in order to battle this job, and get down developing thoughts for architecture that the hereafter requires. This point in argued by those who support the scientific discipline and engineering of this argument â€Å" In his celebrated â€Å" two civilizations † talk, the novelist and scientist CP Snow warned that if people wanted to turn their dorsums on scientific discipline and the benefits of industrialization they were free to do that pick. â€Å" I respect you for the strength of your aesthetic repugnance, † he said. â€Å" But I do n't esteem you in the slightest if, even passively, you try to enforce the same pick on others who are non free to take. â€Å" ( Baillieu, 09 ) . This besides supports the thought that some portion of the population are non nessessarily lead by their ain pick but instead the pick of front mans in their society. This straight relates to Prince Charles and the negative impact he could hold on the populations positions refering architecture. It is easy to see how people become loyal about this states old edifices, but certainly opposing anything modern-day in architecture at all is impeding the advancement of the state as a whole. The devastation of old edifices during the first and 2nd universe wars helped to make the feeling of costliness for the old edifices that survived. Modernism that took advantage of the loss of historical edifices to make something new, which even involved pulverizing old edifices that survived the air foraies. This was admired by immature architectural heads but disliked by older more hidebound designers every bit good as the populace. This Modern manner of edifice was really much a duplicating manner with certain design regulations that had to be followed by every edifice, which lead them to hold a really generic quality. This rigorous codification of aesthetic design lead to many of the edifices being demolished every bit small as 10 to thirty old ages subsequently, due to the fact that the edifices were deemed to hold no psyche and were considered ugly and rough aesthetically. The destructive qualities of Modernism and the designers thoughts of town planning, showed non merely the populace but besides the architectural universe how of import it was to make constructions that were non merely functional but iconic, and to make something the populace could bask, non merely the architectural elite. Modernism as a motion angered many people who were dedicated to continuing history, and of all time since so they have been ferociously protective of old edifices and the work that is done with them. Many people nevertheless who have acquired old edifices with the purpose on reconstructing them, have to wait months and trade with infuriating, bureaucratism before they can get down work, . In a batch of instances until the necessary permissions are granted the proprietors are powerless and must watch as the edifice they own deteriorates further seting the edifice itself at hazard. An illustration of this is the work carried out on a folly in Monmouth ( FIG ) ( Gillilan 09 ) to reconstruct the original edifice which is from the sixteenth century but was rebuilt after be ing struck by buoy uping in the late ninetiess. They besides wanted to include a modern extension and to rupture down the twentieth century add-ons that were non appropriate for the edifice, seeking to mime the original with rendered concrete that were doing harm to the bing construction. This undertaking included an equal sum of Restoration and extension, designed by designers with thoughtful and delicate concurrence between modern and historic stuffs shows how with better engineering and more sympathetic edifice stuffs our positions to reconstructing old edifices is easy altering. The planning commission of a local council nevertheless is non the lone resistance an person with Contemporary gustatory sensation must confront. Public blessing is critical for a successful planning application, and neighbors resistance can halt a undertaking even get downing. In Ling, a little historical small town in Norfolk a occupant wished to construct a modern-day house on the site of his old clayware shed. He has been seeking to acquire permission for his home for old ages, and his biggest obstruction is the villagers themselves, who think the edifice is ‘ugly ‘ and ‘does n't suit in ‘ The inquiry is why did this affair so much, and why precisely did the new edifice non suit in? The edifice is proposed to be made from traditional methods with local stuffs so it is the modern-day manner of the edifice the villagers find so violative. The occupant in inquiry commented that there is â€Å" something peculiarly British about this seting the yesteryear on a base and that everything old is inviolable and you touch it at your hazard. † But is it merely the British who feel this manner, or is it something that is portion of any state with a long history and a wealth of historical edifices. A contrast to this would be to look at a state where this is non the instance. Dubai is largely desert, but due to its lifting economic system it is easy being turned into huge metropoliss and composites. The difference to Britain is that there is no penchant toward the historic, and station modernism is literally allowed to make full metropoliss which necessarily creates a huge sum of different and contradicting manners and gustatory sensations. Dubai has a ski Lodge, a land of China and a map of the universe shaped from sand dunes in the sea. Dubai is an illustration of what an architectural ‘free for all ‘ can make, which has merely every bit much of a negative impact if non more than a state in which development is so purely regu lated and protective as ours. With it being acceptable to hold an single architectural gustatory sensation makes the state of affairs different to that of old epochs where by a more incorporate gustatory sensation was adhered by, be aftering Torahs inhibit the devastation of old edifices or the add-on of infinites that make no sense and are of really single gustatory sensation. However at that place needs to be more understanding from the planning system in footings of medley that is seen to hold a negative impact on the edifice and is non ever the appropriate solution. Deliberate hazards must be taken in single fortunes in order to make relevant infinites for the modern manner of life, and criterions must be set so that modern-day manner can be enjoyed by future coevalss.Chapter 3: Does current cognition and tendency affect the usage of old edifices.Architecture is non inactive and must invariably alter in order to remain relevant to current society and remain in usage. The thought of merely conveying a edifice back up to a habitable criterion is non needfully the best option. â€Å" ‘Saving ‘ old edifices is no longer plenty. The purpose is non preservation but transmutation, an architectural, instead than a sentimental or historicist attack to making new signifier out of old cloth. † ( Powell 1999 ) One manner is which this theory is peculiarly relevant in modern-day society is within the recent alterations to constructing methods in relation to the environment. Old constructions were designed and built before such cognition of clime alteration or planetary heating existed. Adapting an old edifice with a new interior layout or add-on is no longer plenty to do it a genuinely twenty-first century edifice, The environmental factor must now besides be considered to future proof a edifice. In order to cut down an bing edifices C pes print, some version is necessary, which is non ever historically accurate or sympathetic. The concluding behind many edifices being reused instead so destroyed is besides influenced by the issue of sustainability. It is frequently more economical every bit good as environmentally friendly to recycle an bing edifice instead than pulverize and so reconstruct it. This office edifice ( FIG ) was remodelled to reflect modern-day manners in architecture. The ed ifice is about unrecognizable, but the inquiry this poses is, if this edifice had to be remodelled several times in such speedy sequence, what does it state about the clip graduated table in which modern-day manners are considered current? ( demand to infix FIG dates that it was remodelled ) It is said that â€Å" architecture is an look of its clip, and clip can sometimes go through quickly † ( need to follow up mention ) The thought of accommodating an old edifice to run into new demands and recycling it is a environmentally sound thought. If person busying a edifice needs more infinite is it non better to accommodate the bing edifice than to travel to a bigger edifice, or have a new edifice built. Hearst tower is a construction which encompasses many facets of modern-day add-on that is considered good. Its sustainable certificates make it a precursor in New York for environmentally friendly design â€Å" Designed to devour significantly less energy than a conventional New York office edifice, it is a theoretical account of sustainable office design. † ( Foster and spouses, unknown ) ( include passage between old and new in interior infinite and FIG ) A complex challenge is when a metropolis has become so urbanized that there is merely non plenty infinite to make new edifices without making a signifier of urban sprawl consequence. A metropolis like New York is a premier illustration of a topographic point where land mass has become non existent for edifice, and so older edifices must be adapted to turn with the activities within it. New York has combated this job by edifice upwards, making the biggest possible square footage with the minimum footmark. The add-ons to these edifices hence have to make the same. Hearst Tower achieves significant extra infinite, but implanting itself in the original infinite and traveling upward, to go another iconic edifice in the New York skyline. The environmental component is a important factor in this argument. Many old edifices are improbably inefficient in comparing to modern-day constructions. In order for these edifices to stay relevant as homes and edifices for public usage they have to be adapted with new engineering to stay in usage. If nil is done with historic edifices stock they will go of all time more progressively expensive to run as they age. The resources to run them, will are going of all time more scarce, and are set uping the environment and therefore it is indispensable they be adapted to diminish this consequence. This is now set uping place proprietors and the general populace as a affair of class. With energy monetary values lifting this will finally take to the populace being behind the version of old edifices for this ground in peculiar. There has been a batch of support behind for the demand for version for old edifices, in peculiar Kevin McClouds Great British refurb run which seeks new statute law to assist with the cost of doing places more energy efficient through the appropriate adaptation.. This run has a enormous sum of public support, which leads to the decision that the populace are more comfy with the thought of altering old edifices in a manner that they are cognizant benefits them. This contradiction is proposing that its more the manner in which old and new concurrences frequently juxtapose that is the existent issue for the general populace, and it is more manner than the engineering they are frightened of.Chapter 4: Will the concurrence between historic and modern-day architecture be every bit dateless as other architectural motions. What are the specific qualities that make a piece of design â€Å" timeless † or â€Å" authoritative † ?The word timeless is used a batch in architecture and design, but what precisely does it imply. The dictionary describes the word timeless as ( decision to this, cant be dateless but can go a historic construction i n the hereafter, and to be something that influences future epochs of architecture )without get downing or terminal ; ageless ; everlasting.mentioning or restricted to no peculiar clip: the dateless beauty of great music. ( Dictionary Reference on line )The inquiry that is considered by anyone in charge of allowing be aftering permission for any new add-on to a historic edifice is will it be every bit dateless as the original construction. Examples affecting add-ons made in the seventiess have non needfully aged every bit good as the bing edifice. ( Fig ) Many edifices that were designed and erected during the 1960ss and 1970ss are now considered eyesores, and are frequently lacerate down. Could this be the instance for modern-day manner constructions, or like the Victorian manner, which was out of manner during the 1950s and 1960s and is now a sought after will it merely become stylish once more in the close hereafter. Manner and tendency play an of import function in the design and besides the hereafter of edifices so it is of import that the edifice is good designed and thought out, non trusting merely on the current tendency, but has a timeless facet to it. â€Å" Its non about if it ‘s modern or if its old it ‘s whether or non its quality † ( Coffey 2009 ) Using the 60s as an illustration, many cases of 60s and 70s architecture were severely designed and cheaply made, this can besides be said for many twenty-first Century edifices, made every bit cheaply as possible to carry through a basic demand with small architectural virtue. However there was some architecture that was created during the 1960ss that was better designed and longer enduring. Carlo Scarpa was an designer who preferred working with and adding to an bing construction than making his ain. His most celebrated work Castelvecchio was completed in 1964 ( FIG ) . It was his refusal to retroflex old manners within h is work that his coevalss found odd, but his work has been inspiration for many good renown designers. â€Å" His work greatly influenced that of other Italian inside interior decorators, most notably Franco Albini † , ( ref cheque ) every bit good as going a theoretical account of inspiration for architectural pupils â€Å" His edifices and undertakings were being studied by designers and pupils throughout the universe, and his cosmetic manner had become a theoretical account for designers wishing to resuscitate trade and juicy stuffs in the modern-day mode. † ( REF cheque ) Therefore began the beginnings of juxtaposing the latest stuffs and engineering with historic constructions. The devastation of the first universe war lead to the thought of protecting old edifices to go relaxed plenty to project aside actual historicism, ( although some times subsequently became to act upon the exact antonym ) in specific in Italy, which created a way towards to something more thought provoking and intelligent.. Continue with Work by designers such as Pierre Chareau and Ignazio Gardella. There is the inquiry of if a edifice which is non needfully beautiful, or historically of import but is still classed as historic demand to be preserved in a cherished restrictive manner or is it that with historical edifices, irrespective of their quality people feel a responsibility to protect and continue history like a exposure and this is seen to be the most appropriate option. In this modern society, this is non needfully the right pattern or should edifices which were designed to be used, be redesigned to suit our of all time altering demands. It may be that continuing a edifice has a negative impact on the edifice as it is forced to be used in an out-of-date manner and become like a museum piece non to be touched instead than a edifice which is meant to be inhabited and used in order to be enjoyed. An illustration of this is the resistance to the proposed new add-on to the British museum ( FIG ) . However it is designers every bit good as a local preservation group who are op posing the add-on as it has already received permission from the planning governments and English heritage. â€Å" Committee spokesman Hugh Cullum manager of Hugh Cullum architects added that pluging holes in the late restored great hall to supply entree to the exhibition infinite was a offense against a brilliant and simple frontage. † He added that a new frontage on Malt Street showed a â€Å" specific deficiency of response to the street and regardless of manner, does n't belong to either Georgian or Edwardian context in footings of graduated table, grain or stuffs. † ( Cullum,09 )Chapter 5: What makes peculiar illustrations of reuse successful or unsuccessful.Extensions to edifices have gotten bigger and more high profile in the last 20 old ages. The chief designer responsible for some of the most good known add-ons is Sir Norman Foster. Undertakings such as the Reichstag ( FIG ) and Hearst tower ( FIG ) have become iconic. For a edifice that is such a landmark in itself like the Reichstag it would usually be considered excessively cherished a edifice, to profit from any add-on, â€Å" †¦ you can acquire some edifices that are so cherished are so rare and historically of import its likely non the right thing to make † ( Venning 2009 ) nevertheless it has become an iconic edifice instead than merely a landmark due to its glass dome roof add-on. This is how a edifice can be enhanced in order to truly specify the part in which it is situated, and go a tourist attractive force in itself. It provides a genuinely cultural experience and people travel from across the universe to see it. The dome adds a sing experience to the edifice, making a platform where most of the metropolis can be seen. It has helped to reunite the edifice with the German people, and hence added a new dimension of history to the edifice instead than take awaying from what existed antecedently. â€Å" It is of import to recognize that edifices alteration and adaptà ¢â‚¬ ¦ and parts that are added to the edifice over clip become portion of its history. † ( Venning 09 )The ReichtagThe Reichstag is a first-class illustration of how the extension has been good considered and reflected the edifices history. Based on the thought that a landmark is created by the things that happen to the edifice or the to people that inhabit it instead than the bricks and mortar itself, an thought has surfaced that all old edifices have a signifier of voice. Architectural Voices written by David Littlefield and Saskia Lewis suggest that in order for a new intercession to be genuinely successful the old edifice needs to be decently listened to, â€Å" ‘If it could talk what would it state? What would it sound like? Would it be deserving listening to? ‘ Questions such as these are peculiarly relevant for designers shiping on undertakings of redevelopment, reading or enlargement. † ( Littlefield, 2007 ) . The Reichtag dome like many other under takings faced resistance â€Å" The rebuilding undertaking was necessarily controversial, given the Reichstag ‘s place in twentieth-century German history. † ( powell 1999 ) and Foster ‘s original thought nevertheless was rejected for being excessively extreme as he wanted to encapsulate the whole edifice within a glass dome. However the undertaking as it was realised turned out is considered to â€Å" reinstate the edifice as a focal point of the capital and the place of Bundestag † ( Powell 1999 ) This peculiar undertaking genuinely embraces the thought of ‘listening ‘ to the bing edifice, and proves that in this instance that intercession and add-on can be more effectual than merely a simple Restoration, in making something iconic, â€Å" Above rises a dome, non a Restoration of that which burned in 1938 but surely integrating the memories of the past † . ( Powell 1999 ) The thought that the populace are cognizant of the political rela tions traveling on inside the edifice is accentuated by the fact that the dome sits above where the politicians convene. This creates a transparence metaphor as with the Welsh parliament constructing the visitants of the edifice can watch the politicians from above, and experience more of a portion of the system than in old times. This is of class symbolic of the alteration in the German authorities, with the state being unified by the destruction of the Berlin wall. This changes the stigma of the original edifice and creates a new positive image for the edifice, to associate the old edifice to the new Germany. This edifice opposes the thought introduced at the beginning of this chapter from Phil Venning of the SPAB that some edifices are excessively cherished to be adapted, it is an illustration of how old edifices need to be adapted in order to remain relevant to society. The edifice was damaged during the war and was non repaired when the war ended. Alternatively the edifice rema ined in disrepair and became a symbol for the ruin of Germany and its authorities. It was unloved due to the stigma that was attached to it and what it represented to the people of Germany, which was a authorities that has ruined their state and their lively goons. This was all reversed with the new add-ons and the Restoration, which allowed the symbolism of the edifice to be changed and allowed the edifice to be reintroduced as portion of the German civilization, by adding to the bing, and esteeming its yesteryear and heightening it instead than seeking to disregard it.Oxford CastleThis edifice is another illustration of a edifice that would usually be considered excessively cherished for adaptation, as it is rare for a palace of its age to last wars and conflicts. However it shows how an old edifice can be more apprehended when it is adapted for modern-day usage than be left untasted. It so becomes less of a deadening museum piece and more an exciting topographic point for people to utilize and bask, The Oxford Castle extension and regeneration programme has been successful in making a public infinite. The old palace edifice is now a hotel which forms portion of a Pedestrianised country, which attracts locals and tourers likewise. Opening up an country and a edifice one time closed off to the populace is good, but looking at the daintiness of the new intercession suggests that every attention was taken into consideration to continue and heighten the historic edifices, both in the design procedure and in the building. The original edifice was originally used as a prision, and this creates a alone infinite for a boutique hotel. This reuse of the edifice has created a tourer attractive force in itself and the development is now described as Oxford ‘s figure one tourer attractive forces. the add-on of a glass gift store between two countries of historic stonework. The intercession itself bridges a spread between two unconnected countries to make a unison between the infinites, but besides does non blockade the position of the rock work or the remainder of the edifice from the store, as the glass roof allows the tallness of the palace to be genuinely apprehended ( FIG ) There has been some intercessions to the stonework, and to acquire the glass to sit between the walls some rock has had to be moved. In ( FIG ) you can see the glass roof is supported by several glass beams. These perforate the rock wall, but the harm is minimum, with rocks replaces and matched to the bing, and lime howitzer used so that the wall can be preserved. In other countries of the development you can see the seamless passage between historic and modern-day. In ( FIG ) you can see how the paseo slots into the older edifice utilizing an bing country which is recessed in the same size and form. T his creates the semblance that the two were created in unison. There is a sensitiveness between the concurrences between stuffs as you can see here in ( FIG ) the wooden panelled ceiling in the gift store leaves a little spread between it and the rock wall. This ceiling is non structural and so can sit merely above the rock wall and does non hold to punch it in any manner. This attack leads to minimum break of the ancient rock. Another illustration of this is the glass panels at the forepart of the gift store ( FIG ) . The glass does non punch the rock wall alternatively an adhesive is used to bridge the spread between the glass and the rock work. This is much less intrusive to the stonework and can be removed without a hint of grounds to the bing if necessary. This undertaking has opened up a edifice one time shut away from public esteem and has created a widely distributed prosaic country in which there is besides a court to the palaces history with the new ‘castle unbarred ‘ visitant attractive force. This has been good to the edifice as it has allowed it to go a tourist attractive force and has become more of Oxford ‘s heritage than it was before the redevelopment.Royal Exchange Theatre, ManchesterThis illustration shows how that you can alter a edifices map successfully by adding a modern-day intercession. The old edifice, one time the former Cotton Exchange and one time the largest room for commercialism in the universe, it is now a nationally and internationally renown as it is the largest unit of ammunition theater in the UK ( FIG ) . The manner this edifice has been changed agencies that changes to the bing construction is minimum. The lone intercession is in the chief four marble columns which support the original vaulted ceiling. There was no attempt taken to conceal these intercessions, alternatively the stenosiss that branch off from the chief construction into the old construction are art of the design ( FIG ) This pod manner in tercession becomes the cardinal piece of the edifice, leting a edifice which no longer houses the map it was designed for continue to be relevant in the twenty-first Century. The manner this edifice was redesigned in the 1970s agencies that the edifice still has an of import topographic point within Manchester ‘s metropolis Centre. This undertaking was merely a true success due to the adventuresome design â€Å" Conceived as a extremist, experimental in-the-round wendy house by the late manager Michael Elliot and the phase interior decorator Richard Negri, it has proved systematically successful, and no admiration – the audience is packed in near to the histrions, and at the same clip stacked up high around them. †DecisionThere are many factors which influence this subject. As it has been seen the whole political orientation of one state ‘s civilization is a slow procedure. There is some gradual alteration and the planning system is set to alter with so muc h resistance to its current processs. Bing a authorities organic structure the planning system will hold no pick but to accommodate in order to seek the best solution to jobs in Britain such as the predicted deficit of lodging stock and the economic clime and the deficiency of work for the reinforced environment industry. The political orientation behind the term Britishness is besides altering, and this globalization will impact the manner in which the British population perceives modern-day architecture. The manner architecture alterations is something that will go on to accommodate as it has done since the built environment has existed, and the contention of these undertakings will diminish finally as it becomes more and more common. As the universes population increases the version of bing edifices will go more and more of a necessary procedure, peculiarly due to the new cognition refering the environment.

A trustee will be liable for breach of trust if breached

A trustee will be liable for breach of trust if breached Disclaimer: This work has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work produced by our Law Essay Writing Service . You can view samples of our professional work here . A trustee will be liable for breach of trust if that breach if breached Hence, in determining whether Sue has caused any lost to the trust, we must first identify whether the terms of the trust have been breached. And since the trust was created for the benefit of the GLEE club members, it is evident that the trust has not been duly administered in accordance with its provisions as the administration of the trust appears to be entirely in favour of Sue herself. This is exemplified by the purchase of shares in Poly-Sue, of which Sue is an owner, Sue’s life insurance policy, the life size statue of Sue and the bottle of wine. It is questionable whether the shares that were purchased in the soft drinks company was in fact beneficial to the trust, yet it is doubtful that the money which was paid into Vital Adrenalines account and the bet in which Sue placed upon Vital Adrenaline to win was in accordance with the trust provisions. As such, a breach of trust has undoubtedly occur red because as made clear in the case of Armitage v Nurse   [ 4 ]   , â€Å"a breach of trust may be deliberate or inadvertent and may consist of an actual misappropriation or misapplication of the trust property or merely an investment that is outside the trustees powers†Ã‚   [ 5 ]   . Furthermore, it was also made clear in the case that a breach of trust can in fact occur regardless of whether the breach was beneficial or injurious to the beneficiaries. Therefore, even if the shares which have been purchased or the bet which was placed were beneficial to the beneficiaries a breach will still be capable of occurring. This is because, as provided under section 1   [ 6 ]   of the Trustee Act 2000 a trustee has a duty to ensure that reasonable care and skill is exercised when managing the trust. Nevertheless, if Sue can demonstrate that she took all of the necessary precautions that an ordinary prudent man would have taken when exercising the trust fund then her breac hes will be discharged as shown in Speight v Gaunt   [ 7 ]   . It is however unlikely than an ordinary person exercising the same skill a Sue would have managed the trust in the way she did, yet as stated under section 3 (1)   [ 8 ]   of the Act, â€Å"a trustee will be capable of making any investments which he would have himself made if he was entitled absolutely to the trust assets of the trust†Ã‚   [ 9 ]   . Therefore, it could be said that Sue would have made the same investments had she been absolutely entitled to the trust assets and so her investments were in fact reasonable. Nevertheless, Sue’s investments are unlikely to satisfy the â€Å"standard investment criteria† under section 4 (3)   [ 10 ]   . This is because as shown in the case of Cowan v Scargill   [ 11 ]   , a trustee must ascertain that any investments which are made are wholly beneficial to the beneficiaries and not themselves. Thus, since this is not the case a breach of trust has evidentially arisen. As for Will, since he is also a trustee under the trust fund, he too will be liable for the breaches of Sue if it can be shown that he was â€Å"recklessly careless†Ã‚   [ 12 ]   . This has been demonstrated in the case of Re Vickery   [ 13 ]   , where it was held that a trustee will be found to be â€Å"recklessly careless†Ã‚   [ 14 ]   if it can be shown that he did not care whether his act or omission is a breach of trust. Consequently, since Will omitted in his duties to take proper care of the trust fund because of the fact that he has issue in his personal life, it could be said that he was â€Å"recklessly careless†Ã‚   [ 15 ]   and therefore, he too may be found to be in breach of his fiduciary duties. It has nonetheless been argued in light of this decision that the circumstances were exceptional since â€Å"trustees were rarely liable for the acts of their agent†Ã‚   [ 16 ]   . Whether the same can be said in the instant situation is arguable but seems likely given that trustees are assumed to have acted unanimously as in Re Mayo   [ 17 ]

Surgical Safety and the Highly Reliable Surgical Team Essay

Surgical Safety and the Highly Reliable Surgical Team - Essay Example The main goals are: improve safety of surgical patients undergoing procedures at Kaiser Permanente, Fresno and improvement of surgical safety attitudes of both physicians and OR staff resulting in an environment that will decrease risk to patients undergoing surgical intervention and further maintain a "no never events" record. The purpose of this thesis is to develop alternative methods to ensure 100% compliance with the use of a surgical briefing; exceeding the requirements of Joint Commission's "Universal Protocol" (The Joint Commission , 2009) by OR staff members and physicians utilizing the surgery department at Kaiser Permanente Fresno, California. Although surgical safety is more than a local challenge, only addressing individual behaviors and habits at a local level can raise the threshold to decrease significant surgical mishaps. Kaiser Permanente OR staff and surgeons are comprised of very well seasoned and experienced caregivers. As new concepts come to light, it can be challenging for those individuals to perceive the benefit of incorporating what is viewed as unnecessary, time consuming and laborious steps to prevent errors when they may not have had any personal history of such errors. Kaiser Permanente is a very complex, highly structured healthcare system and as such, has a high degree of formalization within the organization. This is can be seen demonstrated throughout the local, regional, national offices and medical centers. In addition Kaiser Permanente is comprised of three distinct businesses: Kaiser Foundation Hospitals and their subsidiaries (KFH), and the Kaiser Foundation Health Plan (KFHP) which are both n ot for profit corporations. The Permanente Medical Group (TPMG) which consists of eight separate physician groups, is a for profit enterprise. Kaiser Permanente has 37 Medical Centers and 400 medical offices nationally. Northern California is their largest region, which accounts for 20 Medical Centers. Kaiser Permanente Fresno has 5 distinct medical office buildings (MOB) located between Selma and Oakhurst California. The Fresno Medical Center has a complement of 169 licensed beds, 8 surgical suites with an additional 2 labor and delivery suites. The facility provides both inpatient and ambulatory surgical care, which is facilitated by 200 physicians, 500 plus nurses, along with 80 medical support staff, servicing 108,000 members. There is currently a goal to integrate and adopt all regional job descriptions at the local levels. There are national, regional, as well as local policy and procedures covering many

Humanitarian Intervention-The Responsibility to Protect Development Essay

Humanitarian Intervention-The Responsibility to Protect Development - Essay Example Although the idea appears to be lawful, it is in contrast with the Charter to humanitarian intervention that prohibits the use of force in restoring peace. Article 2 chapter 4 presents the legal dimension that governs against the use of force. It states that, â€Å"All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations.† Hence, NATO breached the international law when it used force without the consent of the UN Security Council and this places the organization outside legality. Humanitarian intervention takes into consideration the atrocities that occur within states that shook the conscience of humankind; hence the need of effective intervention that will help to save defenceless people in the country from starvation, carnage, among other human conditions (Ban 2009, 8). Humanitarian interventi on can be defined as the use of coercive military force in the internal affairs of a sovereign state with the aim of addressing massive human rights violation so as to prevent widespread human suffering within a state by other state(s) (Weiss 2006, 3). There are various forms of humanitarian intervention including protection of humanitarian aid operations, use of military forces to deliver humanitarian aid such as food, water, medicine and shelter, protecting victims of violence and fighting violence perpetrators in states under threat. The humanitarian intervention is attributed to the role played by the UN Security Council in promoting international peace and security through authorization of military force to respond to severe atrocities. This role is seen in interventions during the atrocities in Somalia, Rwanda, Kosovo and East Timor. The humanitarian intervention plays effective roles in conflict resolution in peacekeeping through collective interventions by the UN as well as regional bodies sanctioned by the UN Security Council. The humanitarian interventions has always been treated as suspects since they are viewed to be used as mere vehicles for national aggrandizement, institutions of political and economic systems that are detested by indigenous population and imposition of puppets in power. These issues raised by humanitarian intervention makes it impractical for balancing sovereign rights and global values. Given the US has been shadowing its operations in invading other countries under the umbrella of humanitarian intervention and UN charter article 2 chapters 7 that calls for enforcement of measures that aid in international peace and security. Most of the humanitarian intervention involves attempt of stemming out the tides of threats to international peace and security (Pattinson 2010, 113). This is due the fact that peace in the world today is being destroyed by unending wars and conflicts that tend to block the world peace process thus leadin g to material loss, loss of life and mental sadness. Humanitarian disasters results to torture of human conscience and these calls for the whole of the international community to be responsible in times of massive humanitarian crisis. Interventions that took place in Somalia in 1993 were characterized by failure of the doctrine and this led to facing out of intervention thus leading to non-interventionism. Non-interventionism approach was employed in Rwanda and this led to disastrous consequences in 1994 brought about by genocide. In effect, interventionism was employed in Kosovo and East Timor in 1999. The Kosovo war is a good case for understanding the legality of the humanitari

American indian Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American indian - Essay Example He was also known as â€Å"Liver-eating Johnston† because it was believed that he ate the livers of the Indians he killed as a sign of disrespect. In the movie however, Johnson was not really a violent man. He was only driven into vendetta when the Crow Indians murdered his family. Redford gave a great performance in this movie. Even with just Redford’s acting, the film could very well be a stand-out. Will Geer’s performance as Bear Claw Chris Lapp is also outstanding. The thing that I liked best in the movie is the fantastic cinematography. The film was shot in Utah Zion’s National Park. The setting is breath-taking and gives an excellent backdrop for the movie. The background music used in the movie is very appropriate and blends well with the scenery. I find the last scene of the movie very touching. Johnson is shown reaching his hand into the air as a sign of friendship in reaction to the Crow Chief’s raising of his hand too as a sign of peace b etween the tribe and Johnson. I find this scene also symbolic of the friendship that is to come between Johnson and the Crow Indians. There was so much meaning in this scene. In terms of accuracy, I think Pollack researched well about the language, culture and clothing at that time. The technology presented is authentic such as the use of the Hawken rifle.

Mrs Dalloway-Imbalance between the Inner and Outer Worlds Essay - 1

Mrs Dalloway-Imbalance between the Inner and Outer Worlds - Essay Example The paper will assess the ways in which Woolf has reflected modernism as the quality of thought and expression present in each character differently; and how these characters have different psychologies in the way they look at life around them, how they are alienated, and how they are stuck between nostalgia and modernism. Clarissa Dalloway is the main character in this novel. She is a woman who is seen constantly struggling with her internal life and thoughts with that of the outer world. She belongs to the high society where she hosts parties, wears classy dresses, and talk to people belonging to the high class. However, at the same time, she is seen walking to Bond Street in the first chapter to the flower shop to make preparations for her party the same night. As she is walking and looking at the world around, she imagines about life and is continuously searching for a deeper meaning of life. Woolf writes â€Å"For Heaven only knows why one loves it so, how one sees it so, making it up, building it round one, tumbling it, creating it every moment afresh; but the veriest frumps, the most dejected of miseries sitting on doorsteps do the same; can’t be dealt with, she felt positive, by Acts of Parliament for that very reason: they love life† (Woolf 8). This quote shows that Clarissa does not believe that happiness is anything related to high class. Woolf shows her strong positivity and attachment towards life believing that humans make their lives beautiful themselves. Clarissa is seen as the only character who can express her emotions and led herself free to the world around her unlike other characters but she doesn’t share her feelings with anyone else. However, at another place Woolf states â€Å"She had a perpetual sense, as she watched the taxi cabs, of being out, out, far out to sea and alone; she always had the feeling that it was very, very  dangerous to live even one day† (Woolf 11). This quote suddenly changes the direction of Clarissa’s thinking as she looks around at the crowd and starts feeling alienated. She feels that the public life is rather busy and noisy while her private life is silent and lonely.

HIST 3401 Final Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

HIST 3401 Final Exam - Essay Example If you do not think the lives of either of these groups changed dramatically, explain using relevant sources. The time period between the American Revolution and the Reconstruction were one of uncertainly and instability in American socio-politics. Having valiantly won its freedom from the British Crown, the fledgling nation was taking cautious first steps toward self-assertion. But even as America’s presence as a global power was taking root, its society was beset by longstanding issues. The social issues could be broadly divided across the twin axes of race and gender. Racial discrimination of colored people and gender oppression of women were two chronic malaises. At the time of the Declaration of Independence and the framing of the Constitution, blacks were considered as unequal to whites. This is reflected in the early laws of the country where segregation and slavery were legally sanctioned. The basis of these draconian laws was the prejudiced conception of blacks as onl y three-fifth human (whereby whites are the benchmark of full humanity). Such unscientific beliefs garbed in the language of logic and reason had stalled black emancipation during the century in question. It wasn’t until the Civil War, with the escalating conflict between the Confederates and the Unionists that blacks saw a glimpse of hope. In light of this fact it is fair to say that the century preceding the Reconstruction were one of bleak misery for blacks. Women fared none too better during this period. In 1865, â€Å"North Carolina law granted former masters preference in the apprenticeship of former slaves’ children. Although mothers and fathers both endured the hardships of these losses, women’s experiences diverged significantly from men’s.† (Zipf, p.9) Christian Evangelicalism offered hope of equality for blacks and women. Though it provided opportunities for liberation, it was ultimately limited by race and gender just as the democratic reform movement had hit a stumbling block. Sometimes holy scriptures were themselves invoked in justifying racial and gender oppression in Christian institutions. The biblical sanctioning of human bondage proved very convenient for perpetrators of slavery. But where Evangelicalism helped is in the Baptists’ and Methodists’ earnest resolution to convert slaves. They â€Å"welcomed slaves at their revivals, encouraged black preachers, and above all else, advocated secular and spiritual equality. Many of the early Baptist and Methodist preachers directly challenged slavery.† (Goldfield, Chapter 10, p.10-7) Looking at it as a promise of liberty and deliverance, the slaves received the evangelical gospel in loud, joyous, and highly emotional revivals. They made it integral to their own culture, â€Å"fusing Christianity with folk beliefs from their African heritage.† (Goldfield, Chapter 10, p.10-7) In this milieu, such religious communities offered the erstwhi le oppressed opportunities for voice, authority, and labor within a system that also had its share of flaws. The new freedoms that could be availed of therein outweighed the disadvantages. 4. Did women have an impact on American political culture throughout the span of the nineteenth century? Why or why not? In many ways, women are history’s largest minority. Their voice was for most part suppressed under male domination. It is only in recent decades that they have attained legal and nominal equality with men. America has been a theatre for women’s rights going back to the late 18th and 19th centuries. The Catholic Church provided a semblance of political emancipation for women. This it achieved through allowing Sisters to assume high offices within the rigid hierarchy of the institution. Though there was a degree of democracy

6 Seperate 1 page Reading Summaries Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

6 Seperate 1 page Reading Summaries - Article Example The author attempts to prove this point by examining the available literature on the topic. This begins with a lengthy quote from Hobbes in which it is argued that virtues and vices are a product of â€Å"the different constitution of the body and partly from different education† (445). As the author points out from this passage, Hobbes held that the primary motivation for the development of these vices or virtues was a man’s desires or passions. Other thinkers examined include Ralph Waldo Emerson, who suggests that the lazy man simply accepts what comes his way while the man with passion will seek to discover the truth, and John Dewey, who explores the concept of ‘reflective thinking.’ To conclude her argument, Zebzewski suggests that there isn’t a significant difference between the concepts of intellectual virtue or moral virtue because they both tend to lead one in the same direction. Actions, thoughts and behavior all tend to run along the same lines. There is a distinction, though, between ‘virtues that lead to certainty’ as compared with ‘virtues that lead to understanding’ as what it takes to know something is definitely true is not typically the same thing as figuring out what it takes to understand something as it is – the sum is not always equal to the parts. Stewart Cohen, in his article â€Å"Contextualist Solutions to Epistemological Problems: Scepticism, Gettier and the Lottery,† argues against previous claims made by David Lewis regarding solutions to the three epistemological problems listed in the title. Cohen’s main contention is that Lewis’s contextual approach to these problems, in which he applies â€Å"certain mechanisms of context-sensitivity – what he calls ‘rules of relevance’† (706), overreaches it bounds and is therefore not able to solve the Gettier problem. To make his

External influences Essay Example for Free

External influences Essay Three ways in which an increase in unemployment might affect Hacker PLC are Organisation, Payments, and Government spending. Organisation Unemployment can have a number of effect on the internal organisation of a business. It may mean that the firm can no longer afford to recruit new members of staff because of low demand for its products. New, often young, recruits to a firm will no longer be coming through. In addition, new posts which arise may be filled through retraining of existing staff rather than recruitment. This can lead to significant changes in the age profile of an organisations employees. Redundancies are also a common feature of a period of high unemployment. Whilst the work of some who are made redundant will not be replaced, the responsibilities and roles of others may be added to the job description of those who remain within the firm. This can lead to increasing demands on existing employees. During periods of high unemployment, some firms reorganise their internal structure. This may mean the loss of a whole tier in the hierarchy or the changing of individuals job description. Payments Businesses may be faced with making redundancy payments to workers. These tend to vary between firms depending upon the average length of service of the employee. The cost of reorganisation caused by redundancies will also have to be borne by firms. Such costs may include lost productivity after a reorganisation as employees struggle to cope with new responsibilities. It may be easier for firms to recruit new employees during a period of high unemployment. This is because there is a large pool of people to choose from, with more applicants for each available post. In addition, because of the increased competition for new jobs, people may be prepared to work for less money. In this way firms can lower their labour costs. Government spending High levels of unemployment mean that government spending on social security will be high. Also, the government will lose revenue from tax and National insurance contributions which people would have paid had they been in employment. To male up for this the government may borrow, increase taxation or reduce other items of spending. 8. Structural unemployment can offer UK businesses the opportunities of new methods of productions and competition from overseas. The business benefits from the changing of pattern of demands because this means that because the business may make use of modern technology/machinery, there will be less human intervene required. This is a benefit has the business is reducing its labour costs and total costs. This is a benefit because although this means that redundancy will be made and high labour turn over will be made, at least the business will be able to keep the money spent on labour and enjoy greater profits. Secondly, the business may be gain an opportunity from this because an encouragement can be made to foreign producers to establish their businesses in UK. This will benefit the firm because it means the firm can negotiate with the government to receive grants and support with the establishment of the business, as the firm can provide employment to people and possibly to those people as well with skills not needed by domestic businesses. 15. The likely implications for the government trying to reduce the unemployment are that in Cyclical employment the business may suffer from the falling sales. In the short term, the businesses may be able to add any surplus production to stocks. Alternatively, businesses may seek new market, perhaps overseas. However, not all businesses may suffer from the changes in unemployment, whilst suppliers of luxury products could suffer substantial reduction in sales. Secondly, in structural unemployment the effects on the businesses can be severe because its often highly localised and very persistent. If there is need to a reduce output, then rationalisation and redundancy might follow and factories and offices may be closed. Research and development plans may be abandoned or postponed as firms seek to reduce their costs to match their reduced revenues. The predicted fall in the level of demand may encourage the firms to diversify.

History Of The Stewardship Theory Accounting Essay

History Of The Stewardship Theory Accounting Essay The stewardship theory holds a different approach from that of the agency theory, it first premise is that, the company serves a large range of social purposes rather than just trying to maximize the wealth of shareholders. The stewardship theory also called the stakeholders theory assumes that corporations are social entities that affect stakeholders welfare and stakeholders are individuals interacting with the firms directly, therefore, they can affect or affected by the achievement of the firms objectives(Donaldson and preston,1995, freeman,1984) According to Starik and Rands(1995), a companys success can be judge by its ability to add stakeholders value(starik and rands,1995,Dunphy et al,2003).stakeholders will only return to a firm for more when they always get what they wantFreeman,1984, freeman and Mc Vea,2001).Hence stakeholders are regarded as instrumental to corporate success and they tend to possess some moral and legal rights(Donaldson and Preston,1995, Ulrich,2008).Companies management have to take in to consideration the claims or concern of stakeholders in their decision making process(Blair, 1995), stakeholders participation in the companys decision making process enhance better efficiency (Turnbull,1994) and also reduces conflicts(Rothman and friedman, 2001). A company can use two approaches when considering or integration stakeholders in their decision making (kaptein and van Tulder,2003). These two approaches are reactive and proactive approach. Reactive approach on one hand is when the concern of stakeholders are not considered or integrated in making corporate decision. This usually leads to misalignment of the companys objectives and the demands of stakeholders (Mackenzie,2007).The scandals of world com was attributed to the fact that they never integrated the stakeholder concern in their decision making processes(Curral and Epstem,2003, Turnbull,2002, walkins,2003 and Zandstra,2002) .In respond to these scandals, some regulations were set up by governments with the aim of aligning stakeholders interest with corporate objectives. For instance, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. On the other hand, the proactive approach is when companies integrate the concern of stakeholders in their corporate decision making process, thus establishes a good cor porate governance structure( de wit et al, 2006). 3.5 Summary of the theories. The knowledge of agency theory can be credited to Coase (1937) however the ideas of this theory was practical only to directors and boards since the 1980s.Following . agency theory, individuals are self-interested and not altruistic, therefore individuals can never be trusted to always act in others best interest. On the other hand,, individuals will always want to maximize their utilities functions, the agency theory considered managers and shareholders relationship as a contract ( Adams, 2002). This means that managers actions must be properly monitored to guarantee that they always act in shareholders best interest. The stewardship theory on its part opted that companys board of directors and their CEO, acting as stewards, are encouraged to act in the companys best interests and not trying to satisfy their selfish interests. This is partly because, previously senior executives regarded companies as an extension of themselves (Clarke, 2004; Wheelen Hunger, 2002).The stewardship theory therefore suggested that,like shareholders, top management of a company should care more on the future success of the company (Mallin, 2004). 3.6 The impact of Audit committee The AC is seen to have great impacts in attempt to ensure good corporate governance. These impacts can be seen on audit process and audit fees 3.6.1 The impact of AC on Audit process It has been acknowledge that AC has a pertinent role to play in verifying and protecting the integrity of the companys financial statement and the company internal control systems (Abbott et al, 2004; klein, 2003; Australian accounting research foundation et al, 2001).Included in this role, the AC has the responsibility of guaranteeing the independence and competence of external auditors(ASX, 2003;Australian accounting research foundation, 2001).According to Sabones-Oxley act, the AC has the responsibility to appoint auditors and they have to oversees the performance of the auditors regarding the firms external financial reporting(US congress, 2002) It was argued by smith report (2003) that AC have to review the engagement memo at the start of audit and the AC has to take in to consideration the audit scope and the suitability of the work that is planed.Furthermore, according to smith report,(2003) ,at the end of the audit work, the AC have to evaluate the the audit findings and management opinions regarding the auditors recommendations. As a recommendation, AC has to meet with external auditors at least on a yealy basis in the absence of the management to deliberate on issues arising fro the audit (smith report, 2003, Australian accounting and research foundation et al, 2001). Some research has been carried out to sample auditors view regarding the impact of AC on audit. Cohen et al,(2002) carried out a structured interview sampling the opinions of auditors. It was revealed that AC has a less significant role to play on audit process compared to senior management or the board. In this interview, the auditors specified that they only met with AC 2 to 3 times a year and in these meetings, the AC plays a passive role rather than acting proactive as the auditors tends to be reporting to the AC. However, deliberations with AC are reported to have significant impact on the audit risk assessment and audit setting(cohen et al, 2002). Another key area where AC has a pertinent role to play in audit process is to resolve conflicts between the management and the auditors(cohen et al,2002, Turley and Zaman, 2004).As revealed by beattie et al (2000), AC seems to diminish the confrontational strength of interaction between the auditors and management by increasing the level of discussion and reducing the need for negotiation(Beattie et al (2000).On the other hand, some studies like Dezoort et al,2003;Dezoort and salterio, 2001:and knapp,1987) observed influential factors on the AC decisions to support auditors in steads of the management. Such factors include, AC members expertise and experiences, the nature of the conflict, the auditors perseverance and clients financial situation. 3.6.2 The impact of AC on Audit fees A good number of studies have found out that there is a link between audit fees and the AC.( Goodwin-stewart and kent, 2006; sharma, 2003).This is seen on the AC role of guaranteeing that audit hours are not cut down to a level that will compromise audit quality(Cadbury committee, 1992,;jack, 1993).According to smith report(2003), in situations where the AC is not contented with the audit scope, more work or task has to be requested. Also, the AC have to be satisfied that the audit fee is appropriate and that efficient and effective auditing performance will be achieved for the fees charged. As a consequent, incase the AC fails to carry out their responsibilities properly, they will lose their status or reputation and will face litigation when there is audit failure(Abbott et al, 2003).Therefore, the AC have high incentives to request for good auditing quality. Chapter 4 4.1 Corporate Governance issues in Developing Countries (Cameroon) According to Wallace (1990), developing countries are defined as those countries found in mid-stream of development and are referred to anamorphous and heterogeneous group of countries found mostly in Africa ,Asia, Latin America ,Middle East and Oceanea. There exist difference between developed and developing countries in terms of culture, politics and market economics (Waweru and Uliana,2005).Due to lack in skilled human resources, developing countries therefore find it difficult to attract personnels verse with accounting and financial skills in their committees. The cultural variation between highly individualistic countries ( like North America) and highly collectivistic countries (like Africa) necessitate different corporate governance arrangements. Rabelo and Vasconcelos (2002) pointed out factors like economic trends towards globalization, under developed capital market as well as government intervention has made the model of corporate governance to differ from those in Europe an countries and North America. Mensah (2002) argued that countries in Africa are not well equipped in implementing the kind of corporate governance found in the western world because of the economic and political regimes characterizing these countries(example weak fraudulent legal and judicial regimes ,state ownership of companies as well limited capacity in skilled human resources.). Corporate governance structures in less develop countries are determined by the zeal to maintain control by the majority shareholders over firms ,the dependent on debt finance, weak financial markets and ineffective legal system (Rabelo and Vasconcelos,2002).Developing countries are always confronted with problems like less developed and illiquid capital markets, economic uncertainties ,investors protection as well as weak legal and judicial control system (Tsamenyi et al,2007). According to Goddard and Masters(2000),audit committees has become more relevant and prevalent latterly but however there is paucity in the empirical research about their value. Kalbers and fogarty(1993) further indicated that the issue of whether audit committees are really discharging their relevance responsibility remain insufficiently understood, suggesting therefore the need to examine the ways audit committees are operating in developing countries like Cameroon In Cameroon, most companies are owned by institutions and such institutions are owned by the state(government), therefore most board members are serving the position as management of shareholders not because of their qualification neither their experiences(Mensah,2002).Audit committees operations in developing countries are different compared with the practices in developed countries .In 2001,the Cameroon capital market authority gave guidelines regarding corporate governance activities for listed companies.one of this guideline was that which called all boards to form audit committees comprising at least three independent non-executive directors. Figure 2, corporate governance(CG) fram work in Cameroon 4.2 The legal and Regulatory Framework of corporate governance for listed companies in Cameroon Cameroon operates under two systems of laws namely ;the common law and the civil law. The bilingual nature of Cameroon is inherited from Britain and France when the county came under the administration of these two great powers. Therefore Cameroon has a bijural system with the English Common Law effective in the two Anglophone provinces of North West and South West and the French Civil Law effective in the eight francophone provinces namely ; Adamaoua, Centre, East, Far North, Littoral, North, West and South. The surveillance of the principles of good corporate governance in Cameroon listed companies have been protected by the mixture of voluntary and mandatory mechanisms .The DSX code of best practices for listed companies in Cameroon is voluntary and is aim at enhancing good business practices and standard for all listed companies in Cameroon. On the other hand, mandatory corporate governance requirements linked to companies are enclosed in the Companies and Allied Matters Act 2001).(CAMA). The following bodies are loaded with the responsibilities of guaranteeing effective management, accountability and control of companies in Cameroon.it is important to deliberate on the respective roles and responsibilities of these institutions . 4.2.1 The Douala Stock Exchange(DSX) The DSX is the top regulatory organ of stock market in Cameroon. DSX was formed , and organized in agreement with the provisions of degree No.99/015 of the 22nd December, 1999.but it went effective from 2001. The DSX is both a standard bearer of the national economic and the financial community .It is a public limited company with board of directors. DSX has a total capital of 1.8 billions CFA of which 7% is owned by private commercial banks , credit foncier of Cameroon and the Dutch bank FMO, 23% by public interest and 13.3% by private insurance companies. In Cameroon, the number of companies listed in the Stock market is very insignificant. There are only three companies listed in the DSX namely the mineral water company(SEMC), the African society of Agriculture and forest Cameroon(SAFACAM) and the Cameroon Society of palms(SOCAPALM),DSX got as it main objective the promotion of active stock market by creating a conductive investment environment to encourage foreign investors to in vest in Cameroon. To ensure appropriate standards of conduct and expertise in security business, one of the main functions of DSX is to ensure total protection of securities, the registering of all security merchants, investment consultants and physical market like the stock exchange trading floors or branches. In custody of its mandate of spreading good corporate governance, the DSX presented the code of best practices for companies listed in Cameroon. The aim of this code was to make sure that managers and companies shareholders perform their obligations within the context of accountability and transparency. This code of best practices focuses more on the board of directors, the audit committee and the shareholders. 4.2.2 The Board Of Directors ( BODs) The code of best practices focuses more on the board responsibilities and their functions. The board have the obligation of directing the activities of the company in a legal and efficient manner as well as ensuring that the company progresses in its value creation process. According to the code, the main functions of the board are strategic preparation, selection, performance assessment and compensation of senior executives. communiquà © with shareholders, guaranteeing the truthfulness of financial control and report and also guarantee that ethical business standards are upheld and that the company is in compliance with Cameroon laws .The code endorses the board size of almost 15 members and a least 5 members made up of both executive and non-executives directors. 4.2.3 The Audit Committee (AC) The DSX code of best practices identify the importance of audit committee due to its strategic position in guaranteeing good corporate governance standards in companies. The recommendations of audit committee are an addition to the provisions of CAMA. The main duties of audit committee can be summaries as listed below; To determine if the company accounting and reporting policies are in compliance with the legal requirements and in accordance with ethical business practices Reviewing the scope and the preparation of audit requirements -Ensure the effectiveness of the companys accounting system and internal control -Make approval to the board concerning the appointment, dismissal and compensation of the companys external auditors -Approve the internal auditors to conduct investigations on activities which are of prime interest to the committee -the appraisal of the integrity of the firms financial statements; -To counsel the board on the trustworthiness of financial and maybe other informations that has to be published in the name of the board; -To supervise the financial reporting and disclosure procedures -The deliberation on the nature and scope of the audit with the external auditors -To evaluate the management memo from the external auditor; -To ensure the effectiveness of the internal control operations of the firm To evaluate any substantial findings of internal investigations 4.2.4. The Shareholders The DSX code of best practices for corporate governance in Cameroon made a series of recommendations to ease shareholders contribution at the general meeting. In respect of this, the place for the general meeting has to be such that it is conceivable and affordable in both cost and distance, to permit a mainstream of shareholders to be present in the meeting and to vote, thus avoiding the violation of shareholders right. The code also necessitates that sufficient notice of such meetings should be made available to shareholders and these meeting notices should reach the shareholders a least 21 working days before the meeting day. The notice must contain informations on the annual reports , financial statements and other relevant information to allow them to vote appropriately on these issues. The general meeting is like a venue for the companys board to communicate and boosts shareholders contribution in the companys governance 4.2.5 The Government The role of Cameroon government is not left out in ensuring good corporate governance practices. The government offers the legal frameworks for firms incorporation, outline the limits of business activities, the government ensures that the companys operations are in compliance with formed standards and that stakeholders obligations are met. The basic principles which are entrenched in the stature regarding the management and control of business corporations in Cameroon include; -The acknowledgment of company as a legal entity different from its owners. -Infinite life of a company due to shares transferability -The designated board supervises the running of the company and is answerable to the all members on their stewardship. -The directors has the obligations of keeping good records of the financial issues of the company and make proper returns. There are three main legal form for doing business in Cameroon that is, an individual functioning as a sole owner without formality, a partnership of a least two persons and the creation of a limited liability company recorded under CAMA. The CAMA gives a lot of tasks to the board members to direct the companys activities effectively to guarantee business accountability, transparency and responsible to firms owners and stakeholders. 4.3 The Actors of Corporate governance; Managers and shareholders In Cameroon, there is a cumulative rise of the question of what companies owners will become as they are simply the viewers on the management of their money by managers. To answers this question, we have to look at Managers behaviors, however Managers behaviors varies depending on shareholders influential abilities. Managers behaviors defined the importance of Corporate governance in companies due to the critical position they occupy in the value creation process (Caby and Hirigoyen,2001) and also due to the detachment of ownership and decision making functions. Managers as shareholders agent have as their key objective to manage the business at shareholders best interest(Ross,1973 and Jensen and meckling,1976) but however both the manager and firms owners has varied utility functions and each tries to maximize its utility function(Ross,1973).Agency conflicts or problems can then result from managers opportunistic behaviors .For instances, managers are much motivated in seeking compa nys growth because their salary depends on it .(Baker ,Jensen and Murphy,19958),Also there is the issue of diversification that managers are always interested on .Managers can have the will to diversify risk but it will contradict shareholders interest (Aminud, and Lev,1981).Managers occupy a pivotal position in a company as they represent shareholders and act as the employees superior authority their arbitrations are difficult(Arcinles,1995).Corporate governance role is then to aligned managers attitudes near shareholders and stakeholder wealth maximization criteria. However , the extend to which corporate governance is importance is determined by the power exerted by shareholders and board of directors operations. shareholders having greater shares; This role of firms owner with larger shares is been justified by schileifer and Vishny,(1986)as a guarantee of managers discipline when there is capital dispersion, to supervise managers activities is then difficult and very costly to a shareholder taking it individually. Therefore to obtain optimal monitoring which is profitable to all shareholders, only shareholders with greater shares are allowed to incurred monitoring expenses .It is in this light that Jensen (1993) mentioned the nation of Active shareholders -Financial monitoring plays a role in situations where a company like joint stock company is been controlled by a group of persons whom because of their share capital contribution or as a result of foreign ownership representative can significantly influence the companys management. -The importance of family monitoring.(Allouche and Amann,2000) regard family shareholding as source of active shareholding .For instance, in Cameroon ,family shareholding have unequal economic roles and they tend to represent the main proportion of the country economic fabric .Factors such as confidence and family ties can explain their outstanding performance (Bourdieu,2002) Chapter 5; Research Methodology 5.1 Introduction Research method deals with the style in which datas are collected, analyze and interpreted to achieve the study objectives. This chapter will treat the design and method used to address the study questions as it was mentioned in chapter 1.This research made used of questionnaires survey and interview survey . 5.2 The questionnaire survey Questionnaires is the widely used method in social science fields ((Easterby-Smith et al, 2001; 2008). This is a method in which all participants are asked almost the same questions in the same situation (Easterby-Smith et al., 2001; Li et al., 2000;Merriam, 1988; Payne, 1980). In this study, a questionnaire was developed from a review of related conceptual, theoretical and pre-tested with a sample of auditing practioners. The questionnaires which is made up of 58 questions in total (see appendix 2) directly addresses the study objectives. This questionnaires centers on the audit committees operations, composition, financial skill, independence, self-evaluation, relationships, major achievements and outstanding challenges facing audit committee .A majority of these questions are Yes or NO question type and in the others, the respondents were expected to rate the committee achievements with a score of 4(to a greater extend ) to a score of 1(not at all). The researcher circulated the questionnaires to all targeted respondents which included ; audit committee chairpersons, company secretaries and the finance heads of the 3 listed companies in DSX with audit committee in place. This gave a total of 9 questionnaires ( 3 audit committee chairpersons, 3 company Secretaries and 3 finance heads) which was sent to these three sample groups. In regard to external auditors, this research included only auditing firms that carry out the statutory audit of companies listed in the DSX in the most recent 2 years. It is well noted that the DSX have enforce certain qualification for audit firms that can carry out statutory audit of the listed companies. One major qualification is that, the audit Firm has to be a partnership or joint venture entity, nonetheless a majority of the audit firms in Cameroon are owned by sole proprietors .In Cameroon, there are over 30 registered audit firms but only 6 audit firms are qualified to carry out the external aud iting for listed companies in DSX in the last 2 years .this survey involved all the 16 partners of the 6 qualified firms, therefore making a general total sample of 25 that received the questionnaires. Table 1. The sample Questionnaire survey analysis Group sample Sample size percentage AC chairpersons 3 12% Finance heads 3 12% Company secretaries 3 12% External auditors 16 64% Grand total 25 100% 5.3 Administration of the questionnaire survey The researcher mailed the questionnaires to the participants on the 12th December 2012 . The Mail package comprised a set of questionnaires, a motivating letter , a free post envelope and the researcher return address. The motivating letter is supportive in gaining higher response rate, this is because the motivating letter clarifies the participants on the purpose and importance of the study. In this motivating letter (see appendix 1), the researcher highlights the nature and importance of the survey, inviting to complete the questionnaire, guaranteeing the confidentiality of the participants responses. To enhance higher response rate by the respondents, the researcher exerted maximum efforts to monitor the survey through e-mails and telephone calls. 5.4 Response of the questionnaire survey The researcher mailed a total of 25questionaires out of which he received the response of 23 participants. 6 participants were considered disable in the survey. The details of this is given in the table below. Table 2, response analysis Description Mail sent Received Response rate unable AC chairpersons 3 3 100% 0 Finance heads 3 3 100% 0 Company secretaries 3 3 100% 0 External auditors 16 10 62.5% 6 Total 25 19 76% 6 The table shows that an overall response rate of 76% was conceived (19 out of 25).All the AC chairpersons, the finance heads and the company secretaries of the 3 listed companies in DSX (SEMC,SOCAPALM, and SAFACAM) responded to the questionnaires each having a response rate of 100%.However, the External auditor had a response rate of 62.5%( 10 out of 16).6 of the external auditors never responded to the questionnaires due to geographical dispersal and busy work schedules . SPSS was used in analyzing the datas , the researcher made use of frequencies to assemble raw data to facilitate interpretation, the average was used to rank the scares. However, the researcher did not conduct any statistical analysis since with 19 useable respondents, the subgrouping will be very minute for a significant statistics. Nonetheless, with the fact that 5 of the respondents declared their willingness to further participate in this study and the high questionnaire response rate of 76%; the research findings are still going to be meaningful. 5.5 Interview Survey The primary aim for the researcher to carry out an interview survey in this research is to permit participants to develop further their opinions because the closed questions of the questionnaire sealed participants into arbitrarily limited alternatives (Foddy, 1999). The researcher made used of semi structured interview method in conducting the interview. This method eases the researcher control over the time, content and the arrangement of the interview. Furthermore, this method permitted the interviewer to pose penetrating questions that gave a deeper understanding of the research issue. Consequently, semi-structured interview was carried out to confirm the outcomes of the questionnaire survey and to get a deeper understanding of the findings. 5.6 Administration of Interview survey The 5 respondents from the questionnaire survey who indicated their willingness for further participation in this study were the participants for the interview. This group of interviewees were made up of 2 AC chairpersons , 2 external auditors and 1 finance head. The researcher contacted the interviewees firstly through telephone to book for appointment. The interviewees were later e-mailed the interview agenda(see appendix 3) to enable them know beforehand what will be deliberated and also to confirm the appointments(date and time) The Interviews were conducted on working days through telephone, at the start of each interview, the researcher presented himself, explained the purpose for the study and guaranteed the interviewee the confidentiality of their responses. Each interview lasted for at most 30 minutes. 2 of the participants were interviewed on the same day and the rest of the 3 participants were interviewed on 3 separate days ( all on working days and in the same week).The discussion questions were centered on the participants backgrounds, the attributes of AC (composition, size, qualification, experience),the roles of AC to ensure good corporate governance ,some of the achievements and limitations. The interview ended with words of appreciations from the researcher. All the 5 respondents who opted for the interview made them self-available and their responses supplemented the questionnaire response to give a deeper understanding of the research issue. The high response rate of the questionnaire survey and the interview will make the research findings and discussion very meaningful. Chapter 6; Finding and Discussions 6.1 Introduction This chapter is to discuss the findings of the surveys. The researcher is going to present the findings in 3 main subjects of the survey namely; audit committee operations, relationships and major achievements/challenges. However, it is very necessary to talk about the background of the respondents that participated in this survey. The details are given in the table below. Table 3. Educational qualification of respondents Degree AC chairperson Finance heads secretaries External auditors Total N ° rate N ° rate N ° rate N ° rate N ° rate Bachelor 0 0 1 33.3% 2 66.7% 0 0 3 16% masters 1 33.3% 1 33.3% 1 33.3% 3 30% 6 32% Doctorate 2 66.7% 1 33.4% 0 0 7 70% 10 52% Other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 3 100% 3 100% 3 100% 10 100% 19 100% The above table reveals that, out of a sample of 3 for AC chairpersons, 2 chairperson have obtained a doctorate degree as their highest educational qualification(66.7%) and 1 with masters degree(33.3%).In the sample of finance heads,1 had a bachelor degree,1 masters degree and 1 a doctorate degree giving a 33.31% to each degree. In the part of the company secretaries,2 obtained a bachelor degree(66.7%) and 1 a masters degree(33.3%).Lastly for external auditors, out of 10 who responded to the survey(6 where considered unable),3 holds a masters degree(30%) and 7 a doctorate degree(70%).In total, out of 19 respondents who participated in the survey, 3 are holders of bachelor degree(16%),6 holds masters degree(32%) and 10 doctorate degree holders(52%).All the 4 groups of respondent have qualifications and experience in fields related to accounting, finance, economics, marketing and management 6.2 The Operations of AC It has been revealed that all the respondents have established audit committee charters, though only 60% of the charters are updated yearly whereas the 40% specified that their charters are been updated as needs arises. This complies with the literature which says that firms should established a tailor made charter, however this is contradictory with the commendation of yearly updates of charters (Hoi et al ,2007: Rezaee et al, 2003).we can base this on the limited human resource capacities in less developed countries (Mensah, 2002). AC has as their main duty to oversee the companys financial reporting scheme. The AC must have th